ICT in the service of multiculturalism

Contact Hypothesis.

Lays down the condition for successful contact between two or more groups.

knowledge at differences between groups is not in itself enough to stop.

Conditions for successful contact between two or more groups:

1. Equal-group status within the situation.

2. Common goals.

3. Intergroup cooperation.

4. Institutional support.

There is a change in how an individual relates to another individual from a different cultural group, this change in attitude does not always lead to a change in the individual's bias against the entire group.

The basic requirements for successful contact between cultures is cooperation and collaboration. 

There are many problems involved with applying the contact hypothesis through face to face:

1. Logistics of groups meetings.

2. The need to meet with another group from a nearby or easily accessible geographical location.

3. Growing transportation costs.

The OICH

The Online Inter-group Contact Hypothesis model is based on an extension of the contact hypothesis. Between groups in conflict.

In order for the model to work the project must meet a number of conditions:

1. Be fully supported by each participating institution.

2. Involve collaboration among groups rather than among individuals.

3. Deal with general subjects and not with conflicts.

4. Be based on a need for participant collaboration rather than competition. 

 The tasks are relevant to teacher education and to students needs, and most require high-level thinking. 

The role of computer skills in the formation of modern translator's professional competence

Translation's Tools

Machine Translation (MT)

MT performs simple substitution of words in one language for words in another language, but usually cannot produce a good translation of a text because recognition of whole phrases and their closest counterparts in the target language is needed. 

Solving this problem with corpus statistical and neutral techniques is a rapidly growing field that is leading in better translations. handling differences in linguistic typology, translation of idioms and the isolation of anomalies.  

Computer Assisted Translation (CAT)

Is a form of language translation in which a human translator uses computer software to support and facilitate the translation process.

Also called:

Machine-assisted.

Machine-aided.

Terminology management systems.

TMS - systems allow translators to create a personal database of terminology, which is referred to as a "term base" which means that is a custom designed repository for consolidating and storing terminological information for use in future translation projects and it works along with the translators memory. 

Benefits:

1. They enhance and encourage terminological consistency and thus improve quality of translated texts.

2. Prevent translators from undertaking the same terminological searches every now and again.

3. Translation process is accelerated due to reuse of previously translated terminology. 

Localization Software

Involves making the product linguistically and culturally appropriate for a target country region or language where particular product will be offered on sale and used. Stands for combination of language and technology in order to produce a product that can cross both cultural and linguistic barriers.

Barriers to teaching computer skills to future translators.

Professionals translators need humanistic skills and technological profile.

The market of professional translators require institutions of higher education to train students of translations in the use of technologies and develop their skills in handling information and communication technologies.

  

  

ICT Education transformation and Economic Development: an analysis of the US National Educational Technology Plan

ICT Education transformation and Economic Development.

US Department of Education (Office of Educational Technology, 2010) released a draft of the National Educational Technology Plan (NETP). Calls for a transformation of American education.

Recommendations for the use of technology to support the transformationh of the US education system ICT are made. It'll bring access to teachers, students and broadband connectivity.

 

ICT Education Transformation and Economic Development

 Five sorts of research and reviewed in this article:

1. Macroeconomic research.

2. Microeconomic research.

3. Labor market and workforce studies.

4. Studies showing patterns of the everyday ICT use in American life.

5. Studies showing that American schools are not using ICT in a significant way or providing youth with the experiences and skills they need to enter the information economy.

Macroeconomic Trends: shifting from manufacturing to information economy.

Macroeconomic studies show that the US economy has undergone profound changes over the past several decades.

Many of these changes have been fostered by the dramatic growth in information communication technologies. 

If educational technology policy is going to contribute to economic growth and prosperity, prepare Americans to complete in the global economy.

Microeconomic Trends: changes in business organization and practices.

° Its has fostered fundamental changes in how business is done across a range of economic sectors.

° Microeconomic studies confirm the impact of ICT on business practice.

Three sets of industries in the US

1. ICT producing industries: acceleration of 3.7

2. ICT using industries: increase of 2.0

3. Other industries: average of 4.0

Social Trends: everyday ICT practices.

The pervasiveness of ICT across the country has had a significant social impact on America, such that people access, use, and create information and knowledge very differently than they did in previous decades.

The studies show that particularly American youth have become experiences and highly skilled technology users.      

   

Educational Trends: the current state of us education.

Given the massive changes in the economy and society, the significant resources avaible in American homes, and the impressive technological skills and experiences that young people bring with them to school.

The more educated the workforce, the more productive the economy, and as the economy grows more prosperous, the more people are able to continue their education.

 

Services with everything: the ICT- enabled digital transformation of services

The services transformations unfolding 

The transformation of services with ICT tools is dramatic, pervasive and far-reaching. Activities are transformed, firms are turning to services in pursuit of value.

Reposting services to avoid commoditization  

Many products face intense price competition.

Firms hardware offerings are increasingly enhanced in value by ICT- enabled services offerings.

IBM for example transformed itself form a product company in which services support provided competitive advantage.

Products themselves can be transformed into services when delivered via ICT networks.

Products can become portals to services.

In the current era manufacturing itself is offered as a service.

The Services Spectrum

Irreducible Services.

Hybrid Services.

Automated Services.

The application of ICT to existing service activities is always the beginning of the story of a cycle. 

For example many financial services are essentially encapsulated information, with algorithms determining patterns of trading and the composition of derivate- based products.

For digital media such as DVD or CD'S the information itself is a product. 

Translation and technology

Technology has made it possible to instantly analyses vast amount of data  rather than having to manually through page after page of information.

There are three general aspects needing our fullest attention.

1. Any tool that does not account for the special features of individual languages it purports to support is doomed to fail sooner rather than later.

2. Translation tools need to begin to accommodate the specific needs of particular language communities beyond compiling lists of non-translatable and special segmentation rules.

3. Translation tools are great at identifying matches on the sentence level, relatively good at finding concordance, and absolutely abysmal at coming up with good suggestions at the sub-sentence level, level alone at the morphological level.

Adoption of information and communication technologies.

   1. Document production activities.  

25% used graphical presentation software ( e.g. Microsoft Power Point)

   2. Information search and retrieval activities.

Including text 51%

Encyclopaedia's  38%

Academic journals available on line 30%

   3. Communication activities.

Electronic mail.

   4. Marketing and work procurement activities.

33% used on line translation marketplaces.

   5. Business management activities.

Databases packages were used by 25%

Attitudes towards ICT.

Brought time saving benefits, helped them to provide higher quality services to their clients.  

  

Processes, performance drivers and ICT tools in human resources management

6 keys qualities of an HR Manager:
- Organization.
- Problem solving
- Communication
- Ethics
- Leadership
- Expertise

HR managers to be accountable and or responsible for the following business processes:

° Preparing and reviewing capacity planning.
° Interviewing and recruiting
° Managing personnel evidence.
° Instituting progrms for retention and growth
° Establishing tools and guidance for managers reviews.

Performance drivers correlation.
- Performance managment
- Projects
- Logistic
- Accounting
- Facility Managment
- Production

 

An effective use of ICT education and learning by drawing on worldwide knowledge research and experience

ICT enhancing learning environment.

Provides opportunities to access an abundance of information using multiple information resources and viewing information from multiple perspectives.

 ICT increases the flexibility of delivery of education so that learners can access knowledge anytime and form anywhere.

EASY ACCESS TO LEARNING.

Teaching and learning process.

This can help to improve and develop the quality of education by providing curricular support in difficult subject areas.

 ° Education
°  Reading
° Writing
° Numeracy

ICT enhancing learning motivation.
As they found the class very interesting they retained in their mind for a longer span which supported them during the time of examination.

UNESCO ICT competency framework for teachers

The framework project.

In view of importance of ICT for education the UNESCO is working closely with CISCO, INTEL and Microsoft to identify the competencies that teachers should develop to use technology in the classroom.

1. Inculcating the community's values and passing on its cultural legacy.
2. Supporting the personal development of children, young people and adults.
3. Encouraging cross-cultural understanding and the peaceful resolution of conflict, improving health and well-being.

Higher quality labor.
A more knowledgeable work face that is able to add value to economic output.

Technological innovation.
The ability of the work face to create, distribute, share and use new knowledge.

The approaches of the framework.
° Technology literacy.
° Knowledge deepening.
° Knowledge creation.

The six aspects of a teacher's work.
° Understanding ICT in education.
° Curriculum and assessment.
° Pedagogy
° ICT
° Organization and administration
° Teacher professional learning

Teachers should.
° Incorporate a range of relevant productivity tools and technology resources.
° Changes in pedagogical practice.
° Use of watch ICT tools and digital content as part of whole class.
° Group and individual student activities. 
° Games.
° Web content in computer laboratories.         
 

 

ICT's for Translation and Interpretation

A shortage of qualified linguists.
By 2020 there will be less linguists than now.
How to tackle these crisis?
Through education. build the gate between theoretical and practical knowledge.

Difficulties for the method learning.
Experience is vital in the learning process but is essential to learn "in context".

John Dewey: Dewey's methodological approach.

Graham Gibbs made a reflective cycle.

David A Kolb
1. New experience.
2. Reflective observation.
3. Abstract conceptualization.
4. Active experimentation.

Professionals experiences enables the students to learn more easily.
Materials that makes the learning experience more easy.

Empowering students and fostering team-work and professional skills.
The wiki tool. Support a collaborative construction of knowledge
VLE: Virtual Learning Environment.
Can also be used to make learners play different roles and considered different perspectives.

App's

What makes an experience authentic?
When you have a critical reflection and you can use that experience for learning and improve your skills.

The role of ICT sector in expanding economic opportunity

The pioneers in addressing needs.
The data network was inexistent.

-Fundamental role of ICT In modern economy.
Reduce transactions costs, offer immediate connectivity.
*Obstacles:
- Geographic isolation.
- Lack of competition and high prices
- Low prices for producers

POWER-CONNECTIVITY-CONTENT

Low-income households.
ICT become cheaper and more powerful. The economic opportunity expands.

Small and medium-sized enterprises.
Are already a powerful economic ICT'S
You don't have to spend a lot of money.

Innovation blowblack.
when you create something and is innovating and someone uses to create another innovating thing.

Business Strategies for the ICT Sector Expanding Economic Opportunity.

ICT companies can expand economy opportunity. For example Google.

-Creating inclusive business models.

There are two:
-Horizontal depending and vertical depending.
 Adding new costumers.

- Vertical depending: Seek to grow markets by connecting technology more directly opportunities.

-Mobile telephony: it can substitute for travel, have and keep social business.

Developing human capital.
- Access and infrastructure.
- Standards setting.
- Intellectual regimes.

Valentine's Day

 

 Origin

Having a particular Valentine's Day is a very old tradition, thought to have originated from a Roman festival.
The Romans had a festival called Lupercalia in the middle of February - officially the start of their springtime.
It's thought that as part of the celebrations, boys drew names of girls from a box. They'd be boyfriend and girlfriend during the festival and sometimes they'd get married.
Later on, the church wanted to turn this festival into a Christian celebration and decided to use it to remember St Valentine too.
Gradually, St Valentine's name started to be used by people to express their feelings to those they loved.

 The Meaning

The day gets its name from a famous saint, but there are several stories of who he was.
The popular belief about St Valentine is that he was a priest from Rome in the third century AD.
Emperor Claudius II had banned marriage because he thought married men were bad soldiers. Valentine felt this was unfair, so he broke the rules and arranged marriages in secret.
When Claudius found out, Valentine was thrown in jail and sentenced to death.
There, he fell in love with the jailer's daughter and when he was taken to be killed on 14 February he sent her a love letter signed "from your Valentine".

Characteristics

 Critic

For me this is just another normal day. Sometimes I celebrate it with my friends. I think that to prove to someone that you love him, you can do it everyday and not only this special day.

 

Factors affecting teachers use of ICT

• Computer as a classroom tool.

The use of ICT in education.

Non-manipulate school for teachers factors:

• Theory of planned-behavior: attitude, norm, control, intention, behavior.

Bauer and Kenton (2005) they made a study ab out technology integration in the schools.

Level of an accessibility of the ICT infrastructure.

Results 57% had computer at home and 33% had access to computers at home.

Mumtaz: lack of time. 82% agreed.

Available support to computer using teacher in the work place.

The National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education

School Culture: can be defined as the basic assumptions, norms and values and cultural artifacts that are shared by school members.

Available support to computer using teacher in the work place.
The National Council for the Acreditation of Teacher Education in 1997 reported the lack of technical support as one of the major barries that resulted in computers being underutilized in the classes.

Computer Attributes
The caracteristic of innovation as perceived by individual in social sistem affect on the rate of adoption.

Level and quality of treaning for teachers.
Inadequate preparation to use technology is one of the reasons that teachers do not systematically use computers in their classes.

Several factors such as a positive ICT attitude, computer experience and personal entrepreneurship of the teacher educator have a direct positive influence on the innovate use of ICT by the teacher.

Having a recognition system for innovate and effective use of ICT integration in schools will motive teachers  to use ICT in teaching.

Information and Communication Technology

4C's of ICT

- Computing

- Connectivity

- Content

- Capacity

Goal or targets: 

- Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.

- Achieve universal primary education.

- Promote gender equality and empower women.

- Reduce child mortality, improve maternal health and combat aids and other diseases.

- Ensure environmental sustainability.

ROLE OF ICT

- Access to market information and reduce transaction costs.

- Increase supply of trained teachers and broaden availability of quality educational materials.

World summit on the Information Society

-Connect villages.

- Connect universities, colleges etc

- Connect scientific and research centers

- Connect public libraries, cultural centers and museums

- Connect health centers and hospitals

- Connect all local and central government departments

- Ensure that all of the worlds population have access to telecommunications services.

ICT Challenges:

-Awareness

-Availability

-Accessibility

-Afford ability

Hardware and software cost: afford ability is a prime factor in digital divide.

Connectivity costs:

Shared access model: pay as you use

Broadband:flat-rate

Robustness: telecommunications equipment is designed to have five 9s”

Content:

- Passive consumption of content

- Active production of information

- Usability and interface

- The use of ICT requires a level of literacy, both lingual and technical. We need to transform complex technologies into user-friendly

Security:

Is a concern even for uninformed or unaware end-users, it places an implicit cost on all transaction. Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT)

The Internet of the future must be:

- Trustworthy

- Reliable

- Globally inclusive

- Vendor neutral

- Easy to use

- Affordable

- Able to change rapidly

- Innovative and capable of significant expansion

- Transparently and well managed

Regulation and policy:

Many developing countries regulate ICT restrictively.

Wireless: access to technologies hold great promise for develop regions given low usage densities and limited legacy.

Digital information and broadcasting: can be easily and there is already widespread usage of digital tv and even digital radio.

Electronic era

ELECTRONIC ERA 

1946 to 1957

- Electronic devices
- The transistor period, the integrated circuits period and computer processor period.
- Electronic numerical integrator computer: first electronic and general purpose computer.
- Transistor (1947) electronic device, lightweight and faster, first full transistor computer.
- Integrated circuit: it revolutionized the use of computers and electronic devices, faster operating speed, invented by Jack Kilby.
- The computer processor: fast paced development an innovation on personal computer, productivity, entertainment, communication.
Made by Pier Georgio and Don Estridge.

Electromechanical era

Electromechanical era

1840 to 1940
- The discovery of ways to control and use of electricity.
- Colossus machine: the first electronic calculating devices
the beginnings of telecommunications: voltaic battery telegraph, telephone and radio.
- Mark 1 the first complete Turing created by IBM In  1939-1944.
- Telegraph: invented by Samuel F.J Morse in 1832.
- Voltaic Pile: Alessandro Volta invented the voltaic pile wich is considered to be the first source of stored electricity in the 8th century.
- Telephone and Radio: the first successfully bi-directional transmission of clear speech by Bell and Watson was made on 10 March 1876. 

Mechanical era

 Mechanical era

John Napier introduced logarithms.
In 1642 Blaise Pascal created the calculator.
In 1694 Goottfried Wilhem von Leibniz created a machine that could also multiplicate.
In 1822 Charles Babbage created a machine to perfom differential equations, called a Diference Enginee.
Ada Augusta Lovelace created the first programme. 

Premechanical era

Premechanical era

The time between 3000B.C. and 1450A.C. Humans first started communicating by using picture drawings known as petroglyths. Phoenician alphabet was developed.

The Chinese made paper from rags.

Around 100A.C. was when people from India created the first 1-9 system.  Until 875A.C. the number 0 was invented.

The abacus was created. 

El uso inteligente de las TIC para una formación ciudadana digital

Las TIC y la brecha digital: su impacto en la sociedad de México

Antes que nada creo que es importante conocer que son las TIC.  Según la información dada en clase, las Tic son toda forma de tecnología usada para crear, almacenar, procesar e intercambiar información.  Estas sirven para mejorar la productividad de las personas en una empresa, en la escuela o vida cotidiana.

 Se busca que la información esté disponible para todos pero lamentablemente esto no es posible porque existe la brecha digital que es la que crea una línea divisoria entre una parte de la población que cuenta con Tic y la que no. Además de ésta, también existe la brecha cognitiva que es cuando los conocimientos son dominados por una pequeña parte de la sociedad excluyendo a la mayoría.

En México tenemos estas dos brechas y hasta ahora no se ha hecho nada para terminar con éstas. En mi opinión para erradicar con la brecha digital es primordial primero terminar con la brecha cognitiva porque de qué serviría dar tecnología a toda la sociedad si la mayoría no sabe cómo utilizarla correctamente, si no será utilizada para obtener conocimiento.

Lamentablemente vivimos en una sociedad en donde la mayoría de las personas usamos las Tic solo para nuestra entretención. Los niños pequeños ya saben utilizar un Smartphone o una Tablet para jugar, cuando se les debería enseñar a utilizarlas para aprender. Si se nos ha facilitado la vida con aplicaciones y el internet, por qué no aprovecharlas al cien por ciento. Creo que hace falta motivar a  los niños, ya que por su edad quieren conocer, son capaces de observar y descubrir, si se les enseña correctamente esta brecha cognitiva disminuirá. Si se crea una sociedad sin el vicio de las redes sociales o juegos sin sentido, creo que la brecha digital puede desaparecer.

No digo que es malo entretenerse un rato en una red social o un videojuego, solo creo que es indispensable administrar el tiempo y la prioridad que le das. Si nos dedicamos más tiempo a aprender, esto creará competitividad que a su vez creará más empleos y así nuestra sociedad será productiva y no veríamos los problemas que ahora están atacando México.